What is the unit of force?
Newton

Define work
Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object moves the object in the direction of the force.

What is the unit of work?
Joule

Define power
Power is the rate of doing work.

What is the unit of power?
Watt

Define Energy
Energy is the capacity of doing work.

What is the unit of energy?
Joule

Define potential energy.
Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or state.

What is the formula for kinetic energy?
K.E. = (1/2) mv^2

What is the formula for potential energy?
P.E. = mgh

Define heat.
Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder body.

What is the unit of heat?
Joule

Define temperature.
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

What is the unit of temperature?
Celsius or Kelvin

Define specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

What is the SI unit of specific heat capacity?
J/kg-K

What is the formula for specific heat capacity?
c = Q/mΔT

Define the principle of moments.
The principle of moments states that for a body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about a point must be equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.

Define centre of mass.
Centre of mass is the point in a system or object where its mass can be considered to be concentrated.

What is the formula for velocity?
Velocity = displacement/time

What is the formula for acceleration?
Acceleration = change in velocity/time

What is the formula for force?
Force = mass × acceleration

Define friction.
Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact.

What is the unit of friction?
Newton

Define uniform circular motion.
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object along a circular path at a constant speed.

What is the formula for centripetal force?
Centripetal force = (mass × velocity^2)/radius

Define pressure.
Pressure is the force exerted per unit area.

What is the unit of pressure?
Pascal

Define atmospheric pressure.
Answer: Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth’s surface.

What is the value of atmospheric pressure at sea level?
101.3 kPa

Define buoyancy.
Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in it.

Define Archimedes’ principle.
Archimedes’ principle states that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Define heat capacity.
Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius.

What is the formula for heat capacity?
Heat capacity = Q/ΔT

Define latent heat.
Latent heat is the amount of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.

Define the first law of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved.

Define the second law of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases over time.

Define reflection.
Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface.

Define refraction.
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

What is the critical angle?
The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which light is refracted along the interface between two media, such that the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.

Define dispersion.
Dispersion is the separation of white light into its component colors.

Define focal length.
Focal length is the distance between the center of a lens and its focal point.

What is the formula for magnification?
Magnification = height of image/height of object

Define convex lens.
A convex lens is a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges.

Define concave lens.
A concave lens is a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges.

Define electric charge.
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field.

What is the unit of electric charge?
Coulomb

Define electric current.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.

What is the unit of electric current?
Ampere

Define voltage.
Voltage is the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

What is the unit of voltage?
Volt

Define resistance.
Resistance is the opposition of a material to the flow of electric current.

What is the unit of resistance?
Ohm

What is Ohm’s law?
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

Define magnetic field.
Magnetic field is a region around a magnet or a current-carrying wire where a magnetic force can be detected.

What is the unit of magnetic field?
Tesla

Define electromagnetism.
Electromagnetism is the study of the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields.

Define electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor when the magnetic field around it changes.

What is Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of the induced electromotive force is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a loop of wire.

Define transformer.
A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current.

What is a step-up transformer?
A step-up transformer is a transformer that increases the voltage of an alternating current.

What is a step-down transformer?
A step-down

Define nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei.

What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, while nuclear fusion is the merging of two light nuclei into a heavier nucleus.

Define radioactive decay.
Radioactive decay is the process by which a radioactive substance emits radiation and transforms into a different element.

What is half-life?
Half-life is the time taken for half the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay.

What is a Geiger counter?
A Geiger counter is a device used to detect and measure radioactivity.

Define alpha radiation.
Alpha radiation is a type of radiation that consists of helium nuclei.

Define beta radiation.
Beta radiation is a type of radiation that consists of high-speed electrons.

Define gamma radiation.
Gamma radiation is a type of radiation that consists of high-energy photons.

What is the unit of radioactivity?
Becquerel

Define nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion is a process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally, such as solar and wind energy, while non-renewable energy sources are those that are finite, such as fossil fuels.

Define solar energy.
Solar energy is energy that is generated from the sun.

What is a solar panel?
A solar panel is a device that converts solar energy into electrical energy.

Define wind energy.
Wind energy is energy that is generated from the wind.

What is a wind turbine?
A wind turbine is a device that converts wind energy into electrical energy.

Define hydroelectric energy.
Hydroelectric energy is energy that is generated from the movement of water.

What is a hydroelectric dam?
A hydroelectric dam is a structure built across a river to create a reservoir of water that can be used to generate electricity.

Define biomass energy.
Biomass energy is energy that is generated from organic matter, such as wood and crop residues.

What is a fossil fuel?
A fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy source that is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.

Define global warming.
Global warming is the gradual increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature, caused by an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases.

Define sustainable development.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Define ozone depletion.
Ozone depletion is the reduction in the amount of ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere.

What is the ozone layer?
The ozone layer is a layer of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

What are CFCs?
CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are a type of chemical that can deplete the ozone layer.

What is the law of reflection?
The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

What is refraction?
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a medium of different density.

What is the refractive index?
The refractive index is a measure of how much a medium can refract light.

Define lens.
A lens is a piece of transparent material that can refract light and focus it to form an image.

What is the difference between a converging lens and a diverging lens?
A converging lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges and can focus light to form a real image, while a diverging lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges and can only form a virtual image.

Define magnification.
Magnification is the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object.

What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?
A real image is formed when light converges and can be projected onto a screen, while a virtual image is formed when light appears to diverge and cannot be projected onto a screen.

Define power of a lens.
The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light and is measured in diopters.

What is a telescope?
A telescope is a device used to view distant objects by collecting and magnifying light.

What is an astronomical telescope?
An astronomical telescope is a type of telescope used for observing celestial objects.

What is a microscope?
A microscope is a device used to view small objects by magnifying them.

What is the difference between a compound microscope and a stereo microscope?
A compound microscope uses two lenses to magnify a specimen and can magnify up to 1000x, while a stereo microscope uses two separate optical paths to create a three-dimensional image of a specimen and can only magnify up to 100x.

What is a wave?
A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium or through space.

What is the amplitude of a wave?
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its rest position.

What is the wavelength of a wave?
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two consecutive points on the wave that are in phase.

What is the frequency of a wave?
The frequency of a wave is the number of complete oscillations it makes per unit time.

What is the unit of frequency?
Hertz (Hz)

What is the speed of light?
The speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.

What is electromagnetic radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of radiation that travels through space in the form of electromagnetic waves.

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

What is a mechanical wave?
A mechanical wave is a wave that requires a medium to travel through, such as sound waves and water waves.

What is a transverse wave?
A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

What is a longitudinal wave?
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

What is sound?
Sound is a form of energy that is produced by vibrations and can be heard by the human ear.

What is the speed of sound in air at room temperature?
The speed of sound in air at room temperature is approximately 343 meters per second.

What is the pitch of a sound?
The pitch of a sound is the perceived highness or lowness of the sound and is determined by its frequency.

What is the loudness of a sound?
The loudness of a sound is the perceived strength or intensity of the sound and is determined by its amplitude.

What is resonance?
Resonance is the phenomenon that occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency in response to an external stimulus.

What is an echo?
An echo is a reflection of sound waves off a surface that can be heard after a delay.

What is an ultrasonic wave?
An ultrasonic wave is a sound wave with a frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing.

What is an electromagnetic wave?
An electromagnetic wave is a wave that is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and can travel through a vacuum.

What is an electric field?
An electric field is a region of space around a charged particle or object where an electric force can be felt.

What is a magnetic field?
A magnetic field is a region of space around a magnet or a current-carrying wire where a magnetic force can be felt.

What is the relationship between electricity and magnetism?
Electricity and magnetism are closely related and are two aspects of the same phenomenon known as electromagnetism.

What is an electromagnetic induction?
Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.

What is a generator?
A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using electromagnetic induction.

What is an electric motor?
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using the interaction between an electric current and a magnetic field.

What is the difference between direct current and alternating current?
Direct current flows in one direction, while alternating current changes direction periodically.

What is an electric circuit?
An electric circuit is a path through which electric current can flow.

What is a resistor?
A resistor is an electrical component that opposes the flow of electric current and converts electrical energy into heat.

What is the unit of electrical resistance?
Ohm (Ω)

What is an electrical conductor?
An electrical conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it easily.

What is an electrical insulator?
An electrical insulator is a material that does not allow electric current to flow through it easily.

What is an electrical fuse?
An electrical fuse is a safety device that protects an electric circuit from overcurrent by breaking the circuit when the current exceeds a certain limit.

What is an electric switch?
An electric switch is a device used to interrupt or complete an electrical circuit. It is designed to control the flow of electric current in a circuit by opening or closing the contacts of the switch. When the switch is in the “on” position, the contacts are closed and electricity is allowed to flow through the circuit. When the switch is in the “off” position, the contacts are open and the flow of electricity is interrupted.

What is the difference between a series and parallel circuit?
In a series circuit, the components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through each component. In a parallel circuit, the components are connected across the same two points, so the voltage across each component is the same.

What is a capacitor?
A capacitor is an electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

What is an inductor?
An inductor is an electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field.

What is electromagnetic radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is propagated through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields.

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.

What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic wave?
The wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic wave are inversely proportional to each other.

What is the photoelectric effect?
The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is exposed to light of a certain frequency.

What is a photon?
A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation with zero mass and energy proportional to its frequency.

What is nuclear fission?
Nuclear fission is the process by which the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei, with the release of a large amount of energy.

What is nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei come together to form a larger nucleus, with the release of a large amount of energy.

What is radioactivity?
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an atom.

What is an alpha particle?
An alpha particle is a particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted during some types of radioactive decay.

What is a beta particle?
A beta particle is an electron or positron that is emitted during some types of radioactive decay.

What is a gamma ray?
A gamma ray is a high-energy photon emitted during radioactive decay or other nuclear processes.

What is half-life?
Half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

What is nuclear radiation?
Nuclear radiation is the energy that is emitted from the nucleus of an atom in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.

What is a Geiger counter?
A Geiger counter is a device used to detect and measure radiation by counting the number of ionizing events that occur in a gas-filled chamber.

What is a radiation dose?
A radiation dose is a measure of the amount of radiation absorbed by a person or object.

What is nuclear medicine?
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat diseases.

What is a laser?
A laser is a device that produces a narrow, intense beam of coherent light.

What is the Doppler effect?
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

What is a wave function?
A wave function is a mathematical function that describes the behavior of a quantum particle.

What is the uncertainty principle?
The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that it is impossible to know certain pairs of physical properties, such as the position and momentum of a particle, with absolute precision.

What is the Schrödinger equation?
The Schrödinger equation is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics that describes how the wave function of a physical system changes over time.

What is quantum entanglement?
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in which two or more particles become correlated in such a way that the state of one particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other particle.

What is superposition?
Superposition is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that a quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured or observed.

What is tunneling?
Tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a particle can pass through a potential energy barrier that it would not be able to pass through in classical mechanics.

What is a quantum computer?
A quantum computer is a type of computer that uses quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform calculations that are not possible with classical computers.

What is dark matter?
Dark matter is a type of matter that does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but is believed to account for the majority of the matter in the universe.

What is dark energy?
Answer: Dark energy is a type of energy that is believed to be responsible for the observed acceleration of the expansion of the universe.

What is cosmic microwave background radiation?
Cosmic microwave background radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is believed to be the remnants of the radiation that was emitted when the universe was in its early stages.

What is a black hole?
A black hole is an object with such strong gravitational pull that nothing, including light, can escape once it has entered its event horizon.

What is the Big Bang theory?
The Big Bang theory is the scientific theory that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding and cooling ever since.

What is Hubble’s law?
Hubble’s law is the observation that the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving away from us.

What is the Doppler shift?
The Doppler shift is the change in the frequency of a wave as it moves towards or away from an observer.

What is a redshift?
A redshift is a shift towards longer wavelengths in the light emitted by a distant object, caused by the Doppler effect and the expansion of the universe.

What is a blueshift?
A blueshift is a shift towards shorter wavelengths in the light emitted by a nearby object, caused by the Doppler effect.

What is the principle of conservation of energy?
The principle of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in a system is constant, and that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?
The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a closed system is conserved, and that momentum cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one object to another.

What is Newton’s first law of motion?
Answer: Newton’s first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

What is Newton’s second law of motion?
Newton’s second law of motion states that the force acting on an object will cause the object to accelerate, with the acceleration being directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.

What is Newton’s third law of motion?
Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

What is potential energy?
Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or configuration in a system.

What is work?
Work is the transfer of energy from one system to another, typically through the application of a force.

What is power?
Answer: Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is transferred.

What is a wave?
A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, carrying energy without carrying matter.

What is amplitude?
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position.

What is wavelength?
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave.

What is frequency?
Frequency is the number of cycles of a wave that pass a point in a given amount of time, usually measured in hertz (Hz).

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, which includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

What is reflection?
Answer: Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a surface that does not absorb the wave’s energy.

What is refraction?
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another medium with a different refractive index.

What is diffraction?
Answer: Diffraction is the bending of a wave as it passes through an opening or around an obstacle.

What is interference?
Interference is the interaction of waves that results in the reinforcement or cancellation of the waves.

What is polarization?
Polarization is the orientation of the electric field of a wave, which can be linear, circular, or elliptical.

What is a lens?
A lens is an optical device that refracts light and can form an image by focusing the light onto a surface.

What is a mirror?
A mirror is an optical device that reflects light and can form an image by reflecting the light.

What is a telescope?
A telescope is an optical device used to observe distant objects, such as stars and galaxies.

What is a microscope?
A microscope is an optical device used to observe small objects, such as cells and microorganisms.

What is a resistor?
A resistor is an electrical component that limits the flow of electric current.

What is an electric circuit?
An electric circuit is a system of electrical components connected by conductive wires through which electric current can flow.

What is an electric field?
Answer: An electric field is a field of force surrounding an electric charge that exerts a force on other charges in the field.

What is electromagnetic induction?
Answer: Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by a changing magnetic field, which can be used to generate electric power in a generator.

What is the unit of Capacitor?
The unit of Capacitance is the farad (F). It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday and is defined as the amount of electric charge that can be stored in a capacitor per unit of voltage across the capacitor. One farad of capacitance is defined as the capacitance of a capacitor that stores one coulomb of charge when a potential difference of one volt is applied across its plates. However, in practical applications, capacitors are often measured in smaller units such as microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF).